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<title data-react-helmet="true">Lemon Grove, California – Case study – Regular maintenance ensures effectiveness of drainage infrastructure – Flood Economics</title>
<meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Community case study of Lemon Grove, California."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Regular maintenance ensures effectiveness of drainage infrastructure"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="For decades, Federal Boulevard in San Diego County, California endured flooding that forced road closures and blocked access to homes and businesses during even moderately heavy rains. Following a record flood in 1995, the city secured a FEMA grant to build 1,700 ft of reinforced concrete pipes to draw water away from the road into storm drains. Now the road rarely floods, and adjacent homes and businesses are better protected from lingering floodwaters."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://www.floodeconomics.com/images/case-studies/casestudy-sandiego-main1.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="fb:app_id" content="878155462284110"/>
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<div id="root"><div class="styles__base___DpZv5 styles__column___3klyD styles__full___3p22y" data-reactroot="" data-reactid="1" data-react-checksum="220863456"><div class="styles__base___15EZr" data-reactid="2"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__position-fixed___12lLi styles__top-0___1R9MX styles__left-0___1_8Ag styles__right-0___3EHAk styles__float-left___2IV3I" data-reactid="3"><div data-reactid="4"><div class="style__productBanner___vShDj" data-reactid="5"><div class="style__dsNotificationError___j8c7J" data-reactid="6"><p class="style__bannerTextMain___1S-V3" data-reactid="7">Effective from September 25, 2020, Flood Economics will no longer be available and the site will be taken down.</p><p class="style__bannerTextSub___2VctQ" data-reactid="8"><!-- react-text: 9 -->Please be sure to download or save any information you wish to reference in the future. 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href="../flood-mitigation-takeaways.html" data-reactid="33"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="34"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="35"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="36">Flood mitigation takeaways</span></a><a class="styles__link___14xj6" href="../how-homeowners-take-action.html" data-reactid="37"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="38"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="39"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="40">How homeowners take action</span></a><a class="styles__link___14xj6 styles__active___1QFmR" href="../communities.html" data-reactid="41"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="42"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="43"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="44">Community case studies</span></a><a class="styles__link___14xj6" href="../state-mitigation-analysis.html" data-reactid="45"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="46"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="47"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="48">State mitigation analysis</span></a></div></div></div><div class="styles__base___15EZr" data-reactid="49"><button tabindex="0" class="styles__hamburger___zVdf5 undefined" data-reactid="50"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___1rMBe" data-reactid="51"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="52"></span></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></header><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__hide-lg___3fpLc" data-reactid="53"><div class="styles__wrapper___32vmg undefined" data-reactid="54"><a class="styles__link___14xj6" href="../flood-mitigation-takeaways.html" data-reactid="55"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="56"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="57"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="58">Flood mitigation takeaways</span></a><a class="styles__link___14xj6" href="../how-homeowners-take-action.html" data-reactid="59"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="60"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="61"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="62">How homeowners take action</span></a><a class="styles__link___14xj6 styles__active___1QFmR" href="../communities.html" data-reactid="63"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="64"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="65"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="66">Community case studies</span></a><a class="styles__link___14xj6" href="../state-mitigation-analysis.html" data-reactid="67"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F styles__icon___OohwS" data-reactid="68"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio styles__iconDark___CeGxU" data-reactid="69"></span></span><span class="styles__linkText___1gesu" data-reactid="70">State mitigation analysis</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><main class="styles__base___15EZr styles__full___Zfz32" data-reactid="71"><div class="styles__pageWrapper___3wPGZ" data-reactid="72"><div data-reactid="73"><div data-reactid="74"><!-- react-empty: 75 --><div data-reactid="76"><div class="styles__headerWrapper___LR-J3" style="background-image:url(../images/case-studies/casestudy-sandiego-main1.jpg);" data-reactid="77"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-5___11xId styles__padding-horizontal-3___30SBe styles__style-transparent___QOZpS styles__textBlock___2Tisl" data-reactid="78"><div class="styles__textWrapper___2yBsj" data-reactid="79"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__text-right___NZokr" data-reactid="80"><div data-reactid="81"><div class="styles__shareWrapper___3BdDE" data-reactid="82"><button class="styles__shareButton___1JEI4" data-reactid="83"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F" data-reactid="84"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="85"></span><span class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-5___3Bh5r styles__font-size-4-md____d_7y styles__iconText___CNr6I" data-reactid="86">Share</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi" data-reactid="87"><p data-reactid="88">Lemon Grove, California</p><h1 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="89">Regular maintenance ensures effectiveness of drainage infrastructure</h1></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi" data-reactid="90"><div data-reactid="91"><p>For decades, Federal Boulevard in San Diego County, California endured flooding that forced road closures and blocked access to homes and businesses during even moderately heavy rains. Following a record flood in 1995, the city secured a FEMA grant to build 1,700 ft of reinforced concrete pipes to draw water away from the road into storm drains. Now the road rarely floods, and adjacent homes and businesses are better protected from lingering floodwaters.</p>
</div></div><p class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi" data-reactid="92"><span class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-5___3Bh5r styles__font-size-5-md___8U-pV" data-reactid="93">Photo by Dave Gatley - FEMA</span></p></div></div></div><div id="community-facts" class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="94"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-dark___2u-lV" data-reactid="95"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="96"></div><span style="font-size:0;" data-reactid="97"></span><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-5___2vHLQ styles__title___1Tg1E" data-reactid="98"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="99"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="100">Community facts</h2></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="101"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__large___mTxZB" data-reactid="102"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="103"><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="104"><div class="styles__wrapper___1OrPS" data-reactid="105"><div class="styles__numbersBlock___1uk1Q" data-reactid="106"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__numberItem___3XHDm" data-reactid="107"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="108">Population</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__hideAtPrint___yF5EP" data-reactid="109"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F" data-reactid="110"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="111"></span></span></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__number___MextH" data-reactid="112">26,860</div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__numberItem___3XHDm" data-reactid="113"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="114">Homes</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__hideAtPrint___yF5EP" data-reactid="115"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F" data-reactid="116"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="117"></span></span></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__number___MextH" data-reactid="118">8,849</div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__numberItem___3XHDm" data-reactid="119"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="120">Businesses</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__hideAtPrint___yF5EP" data-reactid="121"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F" data-reactid="122"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="123"></span></span></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__number___MextH" data-reactid="124">2,049</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc styles__source___2vrAS" data-reactid="125"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="126"><span class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-5___3Bh5r styles__font-size-5-md___8U-pV" data-reactid="127"><!-- react-text: 128 -->Source: <!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 129 -->US Census Bureau.<!-- /react-text --></span></div></div></div></div><div id="mitigation-actions" class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="130"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-light___29tp4" data-reactid="131"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="132"></div><span style="font-size:0;" data-reactid="133"></span><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-5___2vHLQ styles__title___1Tg1E" data-reactid="134"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="135"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="136">Mitigation actions</h2></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="137"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="138"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="139"><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="140"><div data-reactid="141"><p>The infrastructure was designed to contain runoff from a 1-percent-annual-chance rainfall event for up to 20 years. Although the road still floods occasionally, there are far fewer road closures and adjacent homes and businesses are rarely affected. Fewer road closures mean that businesses can continue to operate during heavy rains and fewer resources are spent rerouting traffic and rescuing stranded motorists. </p>
<p>While local funds covered 25% of the project's cost, FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Grant Program covered the remaining 75%, which made funding less of a challenge for the community. The road is a major thoroughfare in the city. By keeping it open during heavy rains, the city is able to ensure that local businesses and workers do not lose vital customers, revenue and wages. It is estimated that in 2007, the area avoided approximately $220,500 in lost business income and wages.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="benefits-of-mitigation" class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="142"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-dark___2u-lV" data-reactid="143"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="144"></div><span style="font-size:0;" data-reactid="145"></span><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-5___2vHLQ styles__title___1Tg1E" data-reactid="146"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="147"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="148">Benefits of mitigation</h2></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="149"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__large___mTxZB" data-reactid="150"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="151"><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="152"><div class="styles__wrapper___1OrPS" data-reactid="153"><div class="styles__numbersBlock___1uk1Q" data-reactid="154"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__numberItem___3XHDm" data-reactid="155"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="156">Economic benefits</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__number___MextH" data-reactid="157">$731,144</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="158">Total monetized benefits</div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__numberItem___3XHDm" data-reactid="159"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="160"><span data-reactid="161"><!-- react-text: 162 -->Return on investment<!-- /react-text --><span class="styles__tooltipWrapper___2Cqls" data-reactid="163"><button class="styles__iconButton___1WYzf" data-reactid="164"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F" data-reactid="165"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="166"></span></span></button></span></span></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__number___MextH" data-reactid="167">17.6%</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="168">Estimated return on investment</div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__numberItem___3XHDm" data-reactid="169"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="170"><span data-reactid="171"><!-- react-text: 172 -->Benefit-cost ratio<!-- /react-text --><span class="styles__tooltipWrapper___2Cqls" data-reactid="173"><button class="styles__iconButton___1WYzf" data-reactid="174"><span class="styles__iconWrapper___2jQ1F" data-reactid="175"><span class="isvg pending styles__icon___1uqio" data-reactid="176"></span></span></button></span></span></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M styles__number___MextH" data-reactid="177">1.2</div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW styles__flow-3-md___1QJ-M" data-reactid="178">Benefit-cost ratio of the Lemon Grove project</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc styles__source___2vrAS" data-reactid="179"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="180"><span class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-5___3Bh5r styles__font-size-5-md___8U-pV" data-reactid="181"><!-- react-text: 182 -->Source: <!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 183 -->Federal Emergency Management Agency (2007). Loss Avoidance Study, Southern California Flood Control Mitigation.<!-- /react-text --></span></div></div></div></div><div id="project-challenges" class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="184"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-grey___2p9Kc" data-reactid="185"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="186"></div><span style="font-size:0;" data-reactid="187"></span><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-5___2vHLQ styles__title___1Tg1E" data-reactid="188"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="189"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="190">Project challenges</h2></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="191"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__large___mTxZB" data-reactid="192"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="193"><div class="styles__pull___CpmLW" data-reactid="194"><blockquote class="styles__quote____Pds- styles__align-right___2b_C-" data-reactid="195"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="196"><div class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-21-md___1Is4t" data-reactid="197">Repeat flooding on the throughway remains a challenge</div></div></blockquote></div><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="198"><div data-reactid="199"><p>Federal Boulevard still has issues. The road floods one to three times per year, although businesses are rarely affected. And the city now posts warning signs and preemptively closes the road when heavy rain is expected.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="quote" class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="200"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-blue___3O8vY" data-reactid="201"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="202"></div><span style="font-size:0;" data-reactid="203"></span><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="204"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="205"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="206"><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="207"><blockquote class="styles__quote____Pds- styles__align-center___M5Y34" data-reactid="208"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="209"><div class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-21-md___1Is4t" data-reactid="210">“Making sure Federal Boulevard is a clear and safe route for folks to travel on is probably the biggest benefit of staying up to date on our maintenance plan”</div></div><footer data-reactid="211"><cite data-reactid="212"><span class="styles__name___1XDAp" data-reactid="213"><!-- react-text: 214 -->Mike James<!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 215 -->, <!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 216 -->public works director, City of Lemon Grove<!-- /react-text --></span></cite></footer></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="future-considerations" class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="217"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-grey___2p9Kc" data-reactid="218"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="219"></div><span style="font-size:0;" data-reactid="220"></span><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-5___2vHLQ styles__title___1Tg1E" data-reactid="221"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="222"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="223">Future considerations</h2></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="224"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__large___mTxZB" data-reactid="225"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="226"><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="227"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="228"><img alt="Flood victims Jim and Millie Lyberger lost their home, possessions and tools when the levee broke and flooded their house and surrounding homes." src="../images/case-studies/casestudy-sandiego-future1.jpg" data-reactid="229"/></div><span class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-5___3Bh5r styles__font-size-5-md___8U-pV" data-reactid="230">Photo by flood mitigation staff - FEMA</span><div class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="231"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-4___du4o8 styles__padding-horizontal-0___3AU1d" data-reactid="232"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="233"></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="234"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__large___mTxZB" data-reactid="235"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F styles__pullRight___olNqH" data-reactid="236"><div class="styles__pull___CpmLW" data-reactid="237"><blockquote class="styles__quote____Pds- styles__align-left___3MCiz" data-reactid="238"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="239"><div class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-21-md___1Is4t" data-reactid="240">Vegetation growth and debris can clog infrastructure, requiring regular maintenance to promote drainage</div></div></blockquote></div><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" data-reactid="241"><div data-reactid="242"><p>Although Federal Boulevard still floods, businesses are generally unaffected. To minimize the risk of floods, the public works team conducts regular assessments of the drainage infrastructure and schedules maintenance one to four times per year to clear debris and vegetation growth that could otherwise reduce drainage capacity. </p>
<p>They also educate nearby business owners about the importance of maintaining storm drains and doing pre-winter clean-outs so water can move freely off their properties. “Otherwise, it's 'out of sight, out of mind' until something goes wrong,” says Mike James, director of public works in Lemon Grove.</p>
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styles__padding-vertical-0___3bjQ- styles__style-light___29tp4" data-reactid="251"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" data-reactid="252"><div class="styles__wrapper___208b4" data-reactid="253"><div class="styles__gridItemWrapper___3wOQr" data-reactid="254"><div class="styles__gridItem___2HvPo styles__size-small___3ZM52" data-reactid="255"><a class="styles__itemWrapper___3tOmW" href="st-louis-county-mo.html" data-reactid="256"><div class="styles__item___3EIg2" style="background-image:url(../images/case-studies/casestudy-stlouis-main1.jpg);" data-reactid="257"><div class="styles__textWrapper___3nUfy" data-reactid="258"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="259"><p data-reactid="260">St. Louis County, Missouri</p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH styles__itemTitle___BI8E_" data-reactid="261"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="262">County collaborates across communities to solve flooding issues</h2></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-0___CPS2r" data-reactid="263"><p data-reactid="264"><!-- react-text: 265 -->Population: <!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 266 -->998,581<!-- /react-text --></p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW" data-reactid="267"><p data-reactid="268">Riverine flooding, Flash flooding</p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi" data-reactid="269"></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW" data-reactid="270"></div></div></div></a></div><div class="styles__gridItem___2HvPo styles__size-small___3ZM52" data-reactid="271"><a class="styles__itemWrapper___3tOmW" href="dekalb-county-ga.html" data-reactid="272"><div class="styles__item___3EIg2" style="background-image:url(../images/case-studies/casestudy-dekalb-main1.jpg);" data-reactid="273"><div class="styles__textWrapper___3nUfy" data-reactid="274"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="275"><p data-reactid="276">DeKalb County, Georgia</p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH styles__itemTitle___BI8E_" data-reactid="277"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="278">Small community takes multi-pronged approach to reducing flood risks</h2></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-0___CPS2r" data-reactid="279"><p data-reactid="280"><!-- react-text: 281 -->Population: <!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 282 -->740,321<!-- /react-text --></p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW" data-reactid="283"><p data-reactid="284">Riverine flooding, Flash flooding</p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi" data-reactid="285"></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW" data-reactid="286"></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="styles__gridItemWrapper___3wOQr" data-reactid="287"><div class="styles__gridItem___2HvPo styles__size-medium___3bAhV" data-reactid="288"><a class="styles__itemWrapper___3tOmW" href="hancock-county-ms.html" data-reactid="289"><div class="styles__item___3EIg2" style="background-image:url(../images/case-studies/casestudy-hancock-main1.jpg);" data-reactid="290"><div class="styles__textWrapper___3nUfy" data-reactid="291"><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH" data-reactid="292"><p data-reactid="293">Hancock County, Mississippi</p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-2___1zfOH styles__itemTitle___BI8E_" data-reactid="294"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="295">After Katrina, counties rebuild and elevate structures</h2></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-0___CPS2r" data-reactid="296"><p data-reactid="297"><!-- react-text: 298 -->Population: <!-- /react-text --><!-- react-text: 299 -->46,791<!-- /react-text --></p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW" data-reactid="300"><p data-reactid="301">Inland flooding, Storm surge flooding</p></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi" data-reactid="302"></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-1___12MnW" data-reactid="303"></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></main><div class="styles__base___15EZr" data-reactid="304"><div class="styles__wrapper___2vVYp" data-reactid="305"><div class="styles__offsetWrapper___3frZL" data-reactid="306"><div class="styles__block___1sQ1u styles__padding-vertical-6___3IJ8r styles__padding-horizontal-4___1A4Mq styles__padding-horizontal-4-md___1abqY styles__style-grey___2p9Kc" data-reactid="307"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc" style="position:relative;" data-reactid="308"></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-3___1NhMi styles__title___1Tg1E" data-reactid="309"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="310"><h2 class="styles__base___2aojS styles__font-size-3___cdFKD styles__font-size-2-md___2qWLP styles__line-height-1___wZ7lC styles__font-weight-bold___NRlaU" data-reactid="311">Flood mitigation resources</h2></div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-5___2vHLQ styles__copy___gYUAd" data-reactid="312"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__medium___3XvWl" data-reactid="313">Below is a non-exhaustive list of other flood mitigation information resources.</div></div><div class="styles__base___1fTlk styles__flow-4___3lIjc" data-reactid="314"><div class="styles__base___2Dzxc styles__large___mTxZB" data-reactid="315"><div class="styles__contentWrapper___20L-F" data-reactid="316"><div class="styles__content___pVmmZ" 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